by Muhammad Akbar Tirtosudiro, Meita Dhamayanti and Dedi Rachmadi Sambas
Original Research
Smoking remains a major health problem globally. Smoke uptake usually starts from adolescence age, few among them stops when they reach adulthood. From that pattern, smoking-related death may be increased twice every decade. Early age smokers may experience diseases in later life when they reach adulthood, and they are also at risk of diseases earlier at young age. Physical activity has been found to be one of the risk factor of smoking in adolescent. The objective of this research was to determine the personal and envrionmental risk factors of smoking in male adolescents, including physical activity. This analytical case-control study was performed from May to June 2016 in several senior high schools in Bandung, Indonesia. There were 208 adolescent male subjects, aged 15‒19 years, included in the study and were instructed to fill a smoking questionnaire. One hudred and fourty four subjects were chosen with simple random sampling, divided into smoker and non-smoker group, and were given physical activity questionnaire. Two phases of statistical analysis were done. First, bivariate analysis were done for all subjects characteristics by chi-square test, all characteristics with p< 0.25 were then analyzed by multiple logistic regression. P values of <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that low and moderate level of physical activity (OR 9.98 (CI 95%: 2.25‒44.32) and 2.65 (CI 95%: 1.02‒6.91), respectively), positive perception of smoking effect on mind {OR 8.76 (CI: 3.41‒22.46)}, and smoking close friends dominance (OR 2.50 (CI 95%: 1.15‒5.43)) increased the risk of smoking. This research showed that low and moderate physical activity, positive perception of smoking, and exposure to smoking close friends increase the risk of smoking in male adolescent.
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2016, 4(3), 52-55. DOI: 10.12691/ajcmr-4-3-4
Pub. Date: December 09, 2016
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by Mohammed Nasir Uddin and Taslima Khan
Original Research
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common bacterial infections during pregnancy . Untreated UTI can be associated with serious obstetric complications. This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of UTI among symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women attending Ibrahim Iqbal Memorial Hospital (IIMH) in Chandanaish, Bangladesh. A total of 247 pregnant women were enrolled, of these 78 (31.5%) were symptomatic and 169 (68.4%) asymptomatic. UTI was diagnosed using mid stream urine (MSU) culture on standard culture media and urinalysis was done using rapid dip stick. The prevalence of bacteriuria among symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women were 17.9% and 13.0% respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups (P= 0.307). Using unilabiate analysis there was no association of parity (P=0.825), gestational age (P=0.173), education (P=0.615), age (P=0.211) and marital status (P=0.949) with bacteriuria. The sensitivity and specificity of urine dipstick was 38.9% and 86.7% respectively. Escherichia coli (47.2%) and Enterococcus spp (22.2%) were the most commonly recovered pathogens. The rate of resistance of Escherichia coli to Cefuroxime, nitrofurantoin, ceftriaxone, and imipenem were 64.7%, 5.9%, 29.4% and 0%, respectively. In conclusion, asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women is prevalent in our setting and majority of Escherichia coli are resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethazole-trimethoprim and ceftriaxone. Due to low sensitivity of rapid dip stick, routine urine culture and susceptibility testing is recommended to all pregnant women at booking.
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2016, 4(3), 47-51. DOI: 10.12691/ajcmr-4-3-3
Pub. Date: December 05, 2016
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by Rizki Handayani, Meita Dhamayanti and Nanan Sekarwana
Original Research
Objective Analyze the differences in TC, LDL, and HDL levels between smokers and non-smokers adolescent. Study Design This analytical cross-sectional study was performed during February to April 2016 in several senior high schools in Bandung. Subjects were adolescent, aged 15‒18 years, who were divided into two groups: smokers and non-smokers using questionnaire. There were 206 boys included in this study, 162 met the inclusion criteria and 44 were excluded. Simple random sampling was performed to obtain 50 smokers and 50 non-smokers for our study. All data were analyzed for mean serum lipid profiles using chi square (x2) and MANOVA test with a p value <0.05 considered significant. Results The x2 analysis showed association between abnormal serum TC, LDL, and HDL levels with smoking status respectively (p=0.006, p=0.025, and p=0.006). MANOVA test results showed significant differences between smokers and non-smokers group in terms of mean±SD TC level (161.7±32.2 and 150.6±19.5), LDL (107.6±29.2 and 92.6±92.6), HDL (38,76±6.39 and 42.8±7.08)) with p value <0,05.Conclusion This study shows that serum TC, LDL, and HDL levels in smokers are statistically different compared to those in non- smokers adolescent.
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2016, 4(3), 43-46. DOI: 10.12691/ajcmr-4-3-2
Pub. Date: October 27, 2016
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by Mshelia Anthony Ali, Onyencho Victor Chidi and Adebowale O. Timothy
Original Research
This study assessed the influence of demographic and clinical factors on depression among one hundred and ninety one (191) stroke patients who attended the medical outpatient clinics of the department of medicine, State Specialist Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. Stroke patients who were adults (18years and above) and had a stroke at least two months prior with a residual neurological deficits were interviewed with the depression module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis-I disorders (SCID) and the Hamilton Depression Scale using accidental sampling techniques. The prevalence of depression was 52.9%. Depression among the patients were associated with younger age (χ2=12.515; p=0.002). There is a significant relationship between depression and duration of Cerebro-vascular accidents (CVA) of the participants (χ2=22.2; p=0.000), the highest prevalence of depression was among the most recent stroke victims. The findings revealed the magnitude and correlates of depression among patients with CVA. Therefore, there is need to incorporate post-stroke psychosocial adjustment evaluation, psychiatric and psychological interventions to this vulnerable group to facilitate their rehabilitation and enhance their psychological wellbeing and recovery.
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2016, 4(3), 38-42. DOI: 10.12691/ajcmr-4-3-1
Pub. Date: September 15, 2016
11011 Views2695 Downloads