American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2015, 3(4), 60-63
DOI: 10.12691/AJCMR-3-4-1
Review Article

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A 360 Degree Review

Alisa Nobee1, Angel Justiz Vaillant1, , Patrick Eberechi Akpaka1 and Peter Poon-king2

1Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies

2San Fernando General Hospital, San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies

Pub. Date: October 21, 2015

Cite this paper

Alisa Nobee, Angel Justiz Vaillant, Patrick Eberechi Akpaka and Peter Poon-king. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A 360 Degree Review. American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2015; 3(4):60-63. doi: 10.12691/AJCMR-3-4-1

Abstract

In this paper we review the most important updated aspects of SLE, which is an autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology, where genetic, environmental and immunological factors are believed to play an important role in its immunopathogenesis. Aspects related to SLE causes, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

Keywords

systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune disease, immunoglobulin, immunology, rheumatology

Copyright

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References

[1]  Rahman A. and Isenberg A “Review Article: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus” N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (9): 929-939.
 
[2]  Lisnevskaia L, Murphy G, Isenberg D “Seminar: Systemic lupus erythematosus”. The Lancet.2008; 384 (9957): 1878-1888.
 
[3]  Doria A, Canova M, Tonon M, Zen M, Rampudda E, Bassi N, Atzeni F, Zampieri S, Ghirardello A. Infections as triggers and complications of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2008 Oct; 8(1):24-8.
 
[4]  Gaipl US, Kuhn A, Sheriff A et al. “Clearance of apoptotic cells in human SLE”. Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. Current Directions in Autoimmunity. 2006. 9: 173-87.
 
[5]  Gergely P Jr, Grossman C, Niland B, Puskas F, Neupane H, Allam F, Banki K, Phillips PE, Perl A. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization and ATP depletion in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Jan;46(1):175-90.
 
[6]  D'Cruz DP, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR. “Systemic lupus erythematosus”. Lancet. 2009 Feb.369 (9561): 587-96.
 
[7]  Kanta H, Mohan C. “Three checkpoints in lupus development: central tolerance in adaptive immunity, peripheral amplification by innate immunity and end-organ inflammation”. Genes Immun. 2009 Mar. 10 (5): 390-6.
 
[8]  Martens HA, Nolte IM, van der Steege G “An extensive screen of the HLA region reveals an independent association of HLA class I and class II with susceptibility for systemic lupus erythematosus”. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 2009 Mar. 38 (4): 1-7.
 
[9]  Kim K, Sung YK, Kang CP, Choi CB, Kang C, Bae SC. “A regulatory SNP at position -899 in CDKN1A is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis”. Genes Immun. 2009 Mar. 10 (5): 482-6.
 
[10]  Rhodes B, Vyse TJ. “The genetics of SLE: an update in the light of genome-wide association studies”. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008 Nov. 47 (11): 1603-11.
 
[11]  Yang W, Ng P, Zhao M. “Population differences in SLE susceptibility genes: STAT4 and BLK, but not PXK, are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in Hong Kong Chinese”. Genes Immun. 2009 Feb.10 (3): 219-26.
 
[12]  Wasef, Sherif Z. Yacoub. “Gender Differences in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.” Gender Medicine 1.1 2004; 12-17.
 
[13]  Cortés‐Hernández, J.; Ordi‐Ros, J.; Paredes, F.; Casellas, M.; Castillo, F.; Vilardell‐Tarres, M. “Clinical predictors of fetal and maternal outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of 103 pregnancies”. Rheumatology 41 2001 Dec, (6): 643-650.
 
[14]  Smyth A; Guilherme H.M. Oliveira; Brian D. Lahr; Kent R. Bailey; Suzanne M. Norby; Vesna D. Garovic (November 2010). “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis”. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2010; Nov 5 (11): 2060-2068.
 
[15]  Weisman, edited by Jeffrey P. Harris, Micheal H. Head and neck manifestations of systemic disease. New York: Informa Healthcare. 2007. p. 6.
 
[16]  Francisco P. Quismorio Jr. How does lupus affect the musculoskeletal system? Joint and Muscle Pain. Lupus Foundation of America. http://www.lupus.org/answers/entry/joint-muscle-pain-in-lupus (Accessed July 15th 2015).
 
[17]  Hemminki K, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. “Familial associations of rheumatoid arthritis with autoimmune diseases and related conditions”. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Feb. (3): 661-8.
 
[18]  Lam, SK; Quah, TC. “Anemia in systemic lupus erythematosus.” The Journal of the Singapore Paediatric Society. 1990. 32 (3-4): 132-6.
 
[19]  Giannouli, S. “Anaemia in systemic lupus erythematosus: from pathophysiology to clinical assessment”. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006 Feb. 65 (2): 144-148.
 
[20]  Syuto T, Shimizu A, Takeuchi Y et al. (February 2009). “Association of antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus”. Clin. Rheumatol. 2009 Feb. 28 (7): 841-5.
 
[21]  Y Ishii, K Nagasawa, T Mayumi, and Y Niho. Clinical importance of persistence of anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis; 1990 Jun. 49(6): 387-390.
 
[22]  Asanuma Y, Oeser A, Shintani A, Turner E, Olsen N, Fazio S, MacRae F , Raggi P and Michael Stein C. “Premature coronary-artery atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus”. N Engl J Med. 2003 Dec. 349 (25): 2407-14.
 
[23]  Alamoudi OS, Attar SM. Pulmonary manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with disease activity. Respirology.; 2015 Apr. 20(3):474-80.
 
[24]  Plantinga L, Lim SS, Patzer R, McClellan W, Kramer M, Klein M, Pastan S, Gordon C, Helmick C, Drenkard C. Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease among Newly Diagnosed Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: The Georgia Lupus Registry. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015 Aug 3.
 
[25]  Honczarenko K, Budzianowska A, Ostanek L. “Neurological syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus and their association with antiphospholipid syndrome”. 2008. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 42 (6): 513-7.
 
[26]  Xue Z, Wang X, Liu F et al. “Intracranial hypertension syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: Clinical analysis and review of the literature”. J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. Med. Sci. 2009 Feb. 29 (1): 107-11.
 
[27]  Zakeri Z, Shakiba M, Narouie B, Mladkova N, Ghasemi-Rad M, Khosravi A. “Prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Iranian experience”. Rheumatol Int. 2011 Jan. 32 (5): 1179-87.
 
[28]  Bansal C, Ross AS, Cusack CA. Chronic cutaneous lupus in childhood: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2008 May. 47(5):525-6.
 
[29]  Kumar Y, Bhatia A, Walker Minz R.. Antinuclear antibodies and their detection methods in diagnosis of connective tissue diseases: a journey revisited Diagn Pathol. 2009; 4: 1.
 
[30]  Mosca M, Tani C, Aringer M. European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for monitoring patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in clinical practice and in observational studies. Ann Rheum 2010 Jul.Dis.69(7):1269-74.
 
[31]  Bertsias GK, Ioannidis JP, Aringer M. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatric manifestations: report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for clinical affairs. Ann Rheum Dis.2011.69(12):2074-82.
 
[32]  Navarra SV, Guzmán RM, Gallacher AE, Hall S, Levy RA, Jimenez RE. Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2011. 377(9767):721-31.
 
[33]  Lu TY, Ng KP, Cambridge G, Leandro MJ, Edwards JC, Ehrenstein M. A retrospective seven-year analysis of the use of B cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus at University College London Hospital: the first fifty patients. Arthritis Rheum.2009 Apr. 61(4):482-7.
 
[34]  Hughes G. Rituximab in lupus and beyond: the state of the art. Lupus. 2009 Jun. 18(7):639-44.
 
[35]  Murray E, Perry M. Off-label use of rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Jul. 29(7):707-16.
 
[36]  Illei GG, Takada K, Parkin D, Austin HA, Crane M, Yarboro CH, Vaughan EM, Kuroiwa T, Danning CL, Pando J, Steinberg AD, Gourley MF, Klippel JH, Balow JE, Boumpas DT. Renal flares are common in patients with severe proliferative lupus nephritis treated with pulse immunosuppressive therapy: long-term followup of a cohort of 145 patients participating in randomized controlled studies. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Apr;46(4):995-1002.
 
[37]  Cronstein, B. N. “Low-Dose Methotrexate: A Mainstay in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis”.Pharmacological Reviews. 2005.57 (2): 163-172.
 
[38]  Derek G. Waller and Andrew G. Renwick. Medical pharmacology and therapeutics(2nd ed.). 2005. p. 370.
 
[39]  Vasudevan AR and Ginzler EM. “Established and novel treatments for lupus”. The Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2009 Aug.26 (8).
 
[40]  “Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIGs) in Lupus Central Station”, sourced from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services”. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
 
[41]  Borelli Zeller C, Appenzeller S. Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Role of Traditional and Lupus Related Risk Factors. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2008 May; 4(2): 116-122.
 
[42]  Danchenko N, Satia JA, Anthony MS. “Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of worldwide disease burden”. Lupus. 2006. 15 (5): 308-18.
 
[43]  Pons-Estel, G; Alarcon, Graciela S; Scofield, Lacie; Cooper, Glinda S. “Understanding the Epidemiology and Progression of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2010 Feb. 39 (4): 257-68.
 
[44]  Sule S, and M Petri. “Socioeconomic Status in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.” Lupus 15.11 (2006): 720-23.
 
[45]  Tsokos GC. “Systemic lupus erythematosus”. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011 Dec. 365 (22): 2110-21.