Yearly Trends in Fetal Macrosomia among Hospital Births in Enugu, South East Nigeria

Iyoke CA^1, , Lawani OL², Ugwu GO¹, Ezugwu FO³ and Ilechukwu GC⁴

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku- Ozalla, Enugu

²Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki

³Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Park Lane, Enugu

⁴Department of Paediatrics, Whiston Hospital, St Helen’s and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, United Kingdom

Cite this paper

Iyoke CA, Lawani OL, Ugwu GO, Ezugwu FO and Ilechukwu GC. Yearly Trends in Fetal Macrosomia among Hospital Births in Enugu, South East Nigeria. American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2014; 2(4):79-83. doi: 10.12691/AJCMR-2-4-4

Abstract

Fetalmacrosomia is associated with higher risks of maternal and neonatal complications and with health risks in adulthood. Trends in fetal macrosomia could indicate fetal growth patterns and its knowledge could be useful for prenatalcare and maternal health education. The objective of the study was to describe the yearly trends in the prevalence of fetal macrosomia among singleton live term hospital births in Enugu, South East Nigeria. Routinely collected delivery data of three major maternity centres in Enugu were reviewed for the period January 2003 to December 2013. All singleton term live births that took place at the three centres during the study period were analysed and the yearly prevalences of fetal macrosomia were determined. Statistical analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics at 95% level of confidence. A total of 22,628 singleton live term deliveries were studied. There were 2116 births of macrosomic babies giving a prevalence rate of 9.3% of singleton term deliveries. The mean weight of all macrosomic babies was 4.42kg ± 0.38. The prevalence rates of macrosomia showed a small, but significant decreasing trend over the period of study. The likelihood of fetal macrosomia was increased by male births (aOR 1.64, 95% confidence interval [C.I.] 1.10, 3.20); postdate births (aOR 2.1, 95% C.I. 1.4, 4.1) and multiparity (aOR 8.0, 95% C.I. 3.2, 16.4). It was concluded that there was a decreasing trend in the prevalence of fetal macrosomia in the study centres,and factors such as the prevalences of male births, postdate pregnancies and multiparity could have influenced this, at least in part. However, population based studies incorporating prenatal weight and medical complication data would be needed to establish the factors responsible for the actual trend in macrosomic births in the general population in this area.

Keywords

fetal macrosomia, trend, birth weight, prevalence, Nigeria

Copyright

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References

[1]	Ezegwui HU, Ikeakor LC, Egbuji C. Fetal macrosomia: obstetric outcome of 311 cases at UNTH, Enugu, Nigeria. Nig J Clin Pract, 2011; 14: 322-6.
[2]	Lao TT, Cheng KY. Fetal and maternal complications in macrosomic pregnancies. Research and Reports in Neonatology, 2014: 4 65-70.
[3]	Najafian M, Cheraghi M. Occurrence of Fetal Macrosomia Rate and Its Maternal and Neonatal Complications: A 5-Year Cohort Study. ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2012.
[4]	Mohammadbeigi A, Farhadifar F, Soufi zadeh NS, Mohammadsalehi N, Rezaiee M, Aghaei M. Fetal macrosomia: Risk factors, Maternal, and Perinatal outcome. Ann Med Health Sci Res, 2013; 3: 546-50.
[5]	Morisaki N, Esplin MS, Varner MW, Henry E, Oken E. Declines in birth weight and fetal growth independent of gestational length. Obstet Gynecol, 2013; 121(1): 51-8.
[6]	Surkan PJ, Hsieh CC, Johansson AL, Dickman PW, Cnattingius S. Reasons for increasing trends in large for gestational age births. Obstet Gynecol, 2004; 104(4): 720-6.
[7]	Lu Y, Zhang J, Lu X, Xi W, Li Z. Secular trends of macrosomia in southeast China, 1994-2005. BMC Public Health, 2011, 11:818.
[8]	Kamanu C T, Chigbu B, Aluka C. Foetal macrosomia in an African population; a study of 249 cases. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009; 279 (6); 857-61.
[9]	Onyiruka A N, High birth weight babies: incidence and foetal outcome in a mission hospital in Benin city, Niger J Clin Pract 2006, 9: 14-9.
[10]	Megafu U, Ozumba B C. Obstetric complications of macrosomic babies in African women, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1988, 26(2): 997-207.
[11]	Koyanagi A, Zhang J, DagvadorjA, Hirayama F, Shibuya K, Souza JP et al.Macrosomia in 23 developing countries: an analysis of amulticountry, facility-based, cross-sectional survey. Lancet 2013; 381: 476-83
[12]	Abudu O O, Awonuga A O, Foetal macrosomia and pregnancy in Lagos. Int J Gynecol, 1989; 28 (3): 257-62.
[13]	Lawoyin T O, A prospective study on some factors which influence the delivery of large babies, J Trop Med Hyg 1993, 96 (6); 352-6.
[14]	Akarolo-Anthony SN, Willett WC, Spiegelman D, Adebamowo C. Obesity epidemic hasemerged among Nigerians. BMC Public Health 2014 14: 455.
[15]	Chukwuonye 11, Chuku A, John C, Ohagwu KA, Imo ME, Isa SE et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in adult Nigerians – a systematic review. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2013: 6 43-47.